當一家企業靠信貸運轉時,要在巔峰之前為退出定價:誰繼承債務,它又能增長到什麼程度?Manchete的帳單歷經三次出售,在信號熄滅25年後仍在複利累積——法院最終裁定它們不屬於任何繼承者。

1983年6月5日,Adolpho Bloch以五個頻道創立Rede Manchete,這些頻道是在公開招標中贏得的,特許權由總統João Figueiredo於1981年授予。它從一開始就靠借來的規模運轉:到1986年,它已背負8000萬美元的累計虧損。接著是《Pantanal》——1990年3月27日首播,由Benedito Ruy Barbosa編劇、Jayme Monjardim執導,在聖保羅平均收視率達22點,創下電視網紀錄,並從第四週起幾乎每天都擊敗TV Globo:擊敗的從來不是旗艦劇《Rainha da Sucata》本身,而是其周圍的節目編排。Globo為此拉長了節目表以作回應。

這部熱門劇無法養活整個電視網,甚至連債務數額都有爭議:Bloch在1991年稱其低於集團資產的百分之五,其他人則說是四千萬。1992年6月,IBF集團以1.1億美元債務接手;買方違約,1993年電視網回到家族手中。Adolpho Bloch於1995年11月去世,其侄子Pedro Jack Kapeller繼承了這一下滑。最後幾年充斥罷工、大規模裁員和拖欠薪資;1998年的電視劇《Brida》因缺錢被縮短——其女主角直到2022年才透過法院拿到報酬。

到1999年5月,該電視網及其音像公司的1,359名員工自10月起就未領到薪水。5月9日凌晨兩點,在里約熱內盧Hotel Glória經過十二小時會議後,Kapeller簽署了出售給TeleTV的協議,該集團由Amilcare Dallevo Jr.和Marcelo de Carvalho領導:6.08億美元,其中賣方收到100萬首付,以及六年內每年750萬——其餘就是債務本身,包括欠政府的5億。Manchete於1999年5月10日停播,歷時十六年。Bloch Editores於同年7月申請concordata;2000年8月被宣告破產。

這個電視網仍被人記得——也仍被追討。2021年,其25,000盤錄影帶的檔案以50萬雷亞爾拍賣,所得用於抵債;2022年,Globo重拍了《Pantanal》,由原編劇的孫子執筆。而債務讓這個名字繼續活著:2018年12月為5.6億雷亞爾,到2023年5月達10.4億——因美元升值和利息而翻倍——2024年八個公司登記合計13.24億,其中大部分是未付薪資。正如一篇回顧所言:已消亡的Rede Manchete因一筆無法償還的債務而仍然活著。

凌晨兩點以6.08億美元出售,主要是債務:100萬首付,六年內每年750萬,其餘為負債,包括欠政府的5億美元。

這個電視網建立在債務融資的聲望之上:熱門劇是真的,但成本結構靠信貸運轉,每一次救援都是同一筆債務賣給下一個所有者。

甚至數字都有爭議——Bloch稱債務低於資產的百分之五,買方聽到的則是四千萬或一億一千萬——所以從來沒有人在不帶故事的情況下為這家公司定價。

債務比企業活得久:停播四分之一個世紀後,帳單隨著美元和利息持續複利累積,這個名字存活於法院卷宗而非螢幕上。

為聲望而借的債務,複利累積的時間比聲望持續的時間更長。Manchete的帳單比其信號多活了25年——資產負債表是公司中永遠不會停播的那部分。

追溯依據

參考來源

  1. Wikipédia — Rede Manchete (inaugurated 5 June 1983 on five channels won in public bid, concessions granted by president João Figueiredo 25 March 1981, decreto nº 85.842; by 1986 accumulated losses of US$80 million; 1988 debt US$34 million; contested 1991 figures — Bloch: 'A nossa dívida não chega a 5% do patrimônio da empresa', Paulo Octávio said US$40 million; June 1992 IBF group assumed US$110 million of debt for 49% of the network; strikes, mass dismissals and salary arrears marked the final period; 'deixou de ser identificada com o nome Manchete em 10 de maio de 1999'; concessions sold to TeleTV, led by Amilcare Dallevo Jr. and Marcelo de Carvalho; a later court decision exempted the new network from the predecessor's debts) pt.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipédia — Grupo Bloch (sold to IBF in 1992, returned to the Bloch family in 1993 after buyer Hamilton Lucas de Oliveira failed to fulfil the sale contract; Pedro Jack Kapeller owner 1995–1999; Bloch Editores filed concordata 27 July 1999 and closed in 2000, bankruptcy decreed 1 August 2000; TeleTV bought Rede Manchete for US$608 million) pt.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipédia — Pantanal (telenovela de 1990) (premiered 27 March 1990, written by Benedito Ruy Barbosa, directed by Jayme Monjardim; premiere 7 points, peaks of 30, overall average 22 — the highest in Manchete's dramaturgy, final chapter 31; from the fourth week beat TV Globo daily — though never Rainha da Sucata itself, rather Globo's show lineup and later Araponga; 'a única telenovela a bater a TV Globo quase que do começo ao fim'; Globo stretched Rainha da Sucata and cancelled TV Pirata in response) pt.wikipedia.org
  4. F5/Folha — Fora do ar há 25 anos, Manchete deixou legado artístico e dívida bilionária (10 May 2024: R$1.324 billion of debt across eight CNPJs linked to TV Manchete Ltda., of which R$593.7 million unpaid wages; Jayme Monjardim: 'A Manchete foi um sonho na minha vida'; Taís Araújo: 'uma galera era contratada, mas nunca começavam a gravar porque não tinha dinheiro'; archive of 25,000 tapes auctioned for R$500,000 plus the brand, proceeds against the debts) f5.folha.uol.com.br
  5. Notícias da TV — Fora de controle: dívida da Manchete dobra em quatro anos e já supera R$ 1 bilhão (14 May 2023: R$560.1 million in December 2018 → R$1.040 billion in May 2023, doubled by the dollar and interest; R$489.7 million labor debt, R$426.3 million banks and suppliers including Banco do Brasil, Bloch Som & Imagem alone R$111.7 million; 'a extinta Rede Manchete segue viva por causa de uma dívida impagável'; Carolina Kasting, lead of Brida, paid only in 2022 after forcing RedeTV! in court) noticiasdatv.uol.com.br
  6. Diário do Grande ABC, 9 May 1999 (archived): Teletv compra Rede Manchete por US$ 608 milhões (deal signed at 2 a.m. on Sunday 9 May 1999 at the Hotel Glória, Rio; Kapeller receives US$1 million at signing and US$7.5 million a year for six years; 'A TV tem US$ 500 milhões em dívidas com o governo'; staff unpaid since October 1998 — 1,359 employees across TV Manchete and Bloch Som e Imagem) web.archive.org
  7. Wikipédia — Adolpho Bloch (born 8 October 1908, Jitomir, Russian Empire; died 19 November 1995 in São Paulo, aged 87, of a pulmonary embolism and mitral valve prosthesis failure; childless; his companies passed to his nephew Pedro Jack Kapeller) pt.wikipedia.org