案例库 · 战略与领导 · 战略决策 · 1825–2024
Clarks 做了 200 年英国鞋业世家——然后私募股权夺走了控制权
Clarks 被家族经营了 195 年,制鞋两个世纪。2019 年 8,400 万英镑的亏损迫使接受救援,家族首次失去控制权。
C. & J. Clark · LionRock Capital · Viva China Holdings · 2020-11
怎么回事
Clarks 由 Cyrus Clark 于 1825 年在萨默塞特郡斯特里特创立,最初生产羊皮地毯。他的兄弟 James 开始用边角料制作拖鞋,几年之内 C. & J. Clark 就成了英国领先的鞋业公司之一。这家家族企业历经 19 和 20 世纪成长为全球品牌——沙漠靴(1950 年)和 Wallabee(1967 年)成为英国设计的标志。到 1970 年,Clarks 占据了英国鞋类市场 9% 的份额,拥有 17 家本土工厂。
衰退起初是渐进的。工厂关闭始于 1978 年,持续了数十年。最后一家英国工厂于 2005 年关闭,生产转移到海外。公司难以与更便宜的进口商品和变化的零售习惯竞争。到 2019 年,Clarks 报告亏损 8,440 万英镑。该家族已经营企业六代,但 195 年的家族控制史即将结束。
2020 年 11 月,香港私募股权 LionRock Capital 投资 1 亿英镑换取了多数股权。Clark 家族有史以来第一次失去控制权。随后是动荡——四年内换了四任 CEO、一场引发罢工的 “先解雇再重新雇佣” 争议、荷兰业务于 2024 年宣告破产,公司持续亏损。到 2024 年,Clarks 营收为 9.01 亿英镑,但仍录得 1,800 万英镑的运营亏损。
为什么会这样
- Clarks 的家族经营模式对现代零售来说太慢了——决策需要委员会讨论、投资过于谨慎、公司在数字和直接面向消费者方面落后于市场。
- 2005 年的海外生产降低了成本,但也切断了 Clarks 与其英国制鞋传统的联系——这个品质工艺品牌变成了又一个从亚洲采购的鞋类公司。
- 到 2019 年,Clark 家族过于分散——数十名家族成员持有股份,各有不同的优先级,使得不经出让控制权就无法筹集转型所需的资金。
- LionRock 的 1 亿英镑是救援而非复兴——它稳定了资产负债表,但带来了四年四任 CEO 和一套打击员工士气、损害员工关系的成本削减策略。
教训
一个通过稳健管理延续两个世纪的家族企业仍可能被一个糟糕的十年摧毁。Clarks 花了 195 年建立的东西,在五年内失去了。
后来呢
Clarks continues to operate with £901 million in annual revenue and more than 320 stores in the UK and Ireland. The Clark family retains 49% ownership but no longer holds majority control. Viva China Holdings (controlled by Li Ning, the Olympic gymnast turned entrepreneur) owns 51% through its acquisition of LionRock's stake. The brand still sells Desert Boots and Wallabees, but the company that once made 2 million pairs of shoes a year in British factories now imports from Asia, and the family that built the business from a Somerset sheepskin workshop no longer decides its future.
资料来源
- C. & J. Clark — Wikipedia
- BBC News — Clarks shoes rescued in £100m deal with LionRock Capital (4 Nov 2020; £100M investment for a majority stake; the Clark family ceases to be the main shareholder; 320 UK stores; founded 195 years ago in Street, Somerset; CVA)
- C&J Clark (Tier 1) — Partnership with LionRock Capital announcement (4 Nov 2020; £100M for a majority stake; the family remains a key shareholder; the 195-year-old company founded 1825; CVA moves 60 of 320 stores to nil rent)
- C&J Clark (Tier 1) — LionRock partnership completion announcement (15 Mar 2021; the deal completed, £100M invested, majority stake acquired)
- BBC News — Clarks to cut 900 office jobs in shake-up (22 May 2020; the shoemaker posted a £84.4m loss last year — the financial year ending early 2020; 900 office job cuts)
- FashionUnited — Several Dutch stores of Clarks fall to bankruptcy (11 Jan 2024; the Dutch entities declared bankrupt 9 January 2024)
- Viva Goods — About Us (January 2023: completed the acquisition of the remaining 49% of LionRock Qile, giving an effective 51% stake in Clarks; renamed from Viva China Holdings in May 2023)
- NEN Press — TUC calls on Clarks shoes CEO to end 'fire and rehire' dispute (13 Nov 2021; the Community union strike at the Street, Somerset warehouse running since 4 October 2021)
发现哪里写错了?告诉我们。
类似的案例
这家公司栽倒的地方,别处有人漂亮地解开过。 第二意见 →

Comments · 0
登录 后就能评论。