The encyclopedia · Marketing & Brand · Strategic decision · 2012–2025
China's 'first baking stock' ran 1,052 stores, then nine years of losses and a court
Christine's (克莉丝汀) sold a billion-yuan IPO on the strength of a thousand stores, then lost money every year after 2012 and shut every door a decade later.
Christine International Holdings · Shanghai Christine Food · 2025-03-12
What happened
Christine (克莉丝汀) opened in 1992 and became the bakery of Shanghai's high street, expanding to roughly a thousand chain stores by 2000. In February 2012 it rang the bell at the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, marketed as China's 'first baking stock' (烘焙第一股), and at its 2013 peak ran 1,052 outlets, 543 of them in Shanghai.
The listing was the turn. The financials show nine straight years of losses from 2013 through 2021 — a net loss of RMB 224 million in 2019, RMB 110 million in 2020, RMB 170 million in 2021 — while the store count fell to 246 by the first half of 2022. Founder Luo Tian'an later said that after the IPO 'hearts became inflated, and no one was seriously running the business any more', and blamed funds chasing a quick return for management infighting that left strategy unexecutable.
In December 2022, after the Shanghai lockdown, every remaining store closed. On 10 March 2023 the company disclosed that it owed about RMB 57 million in store rents, supplier payments and staff wages as of 28 February, with only around RMB 3 million of bank deposits left and the rest frozen. Trading was suspended on 3 April 2023; the HKEX revoked its listing on 27 December 2024.
On 12 March 2025 the Shanghai No. 3 Intermediate People's Court accepted bankruptcy liquidation of the operating entity (case (2025) Hu 03 Po No. 187); Tianyancha records 907 judicial cases against it. The first creditors' meeting was set for 8 May 2025. The brand that defined Chinese high-street baking for a generation ended in a court-ordered search for assets the company could no longer find.
Why it happened
- After the 2012 IPO the company stopped running the operation, in the founder's own words — the listing that capitalised it also dissolved the focus that had built it.
- Fast-money investors and management infighting blocked strategy, so the chain could not respond as the market moved.
- The product stayed a 1990s high-street bakery while consumers moved to supermarket bakeries (Hema, Aldi) and new-style brands offering faster turns, lower prices and healthier options.
- The prepaid-card model that funded daily operations became a liability the moment every store shut: customers who could not redeem cards lost the brand whatever trust remained.
- Nine consecutive years of losses were financed rather than fixed, turning a fixable product problem into a balance-sheet one.
The lesson
An IPO is not the proof a business works — it is the test of whether the team that built it can keep running it once the money arrives.
Aftermath
Christine was delisted from the Hong Kong Stock Exchange on 27 December 2024 and its Shanghai operating entity entered court-supervised bankruptcy liquidation in March 2025. The decline is read in China as the cautionary case of a 'first stock' that mistook a listing for a finished business, and of a generation of bakery chains outflanked by supermarket and new-style competitors. Founder Luo Tian'an attributed the fall to post-IPO complacency and to investor-led infighting that left the company unable to execute.
Sources
- 21世纪经济报道 — 昔日网红品牌突然破产清算,门店一度超千家 (Shanghai No. 3 Intermediate Court accepted liquidation 12 Mar 2025, case 沪03破187号; law firm Shanghai Xinghan published asset-线索 notice 3 Apr; 1,052 peak stores incl. 543 in Shanghai; all stores shut Dec 2022; ~RMB 57M arrears as of 28 Feb 2023; Luo Tian'an quote)
- 证券时报 — 克莉丝汀‘倒下’背后:烘焙市场的新老交锋 (907 judicial cases, RMB 106M involved; ~RMB 57M Mar 2023 arrears, 300万+ frozen; ~1,000 peak stores; founded ~1992; 2012 HKEX listing as 烘焙第一股; nine-year losses 2013–2021; 246 stores by H1 2022; suspended 2023, delisted 2024; Luo Tian'an and Puratos' Ye Lan quotes)
- 第一财经 — ‘烘焙第一股’克莉丝汀确定退市 (founded 1992; HKEX listing Feb 2012; 300+ Shanghai stores / ~1,000 national at peak; nine straight losses 2013–2021; net losses 2019 −224M, 2020 −110M, 2021 −170M; 117/99/55 stores closed 2019/2020/2021; all stores shut Dec 2022; listing revoked 27 Dec 2024)
- Yicai Global — Shanghai Bakery Christine Is Paying Salary Arrears, Aims to Reopen in May (shut all stores in Dec on a cash crunch; 10 Mar 2023 disclosure: ~CNY 57M arrears as of 28 Feb; CNY 3.5–4M assets frozen; owed flagship landlord CNY 121,600 for ~half a year of rent)
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