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肯尼亚 Chase 银行:隐藏的内部贷款把挤兑变成了接管
肯尼亚 Chase 银行隐藏了 80 亿先令的内部贷款,一天之内失去两位高管;谣言引发的挤兑导致 739 亿先令存款被接管
Chase Bank (Kenya) · 2016-04-07
怎么回事
Chase 银行始于 1995 年,当时一群肯尼亚商人以 123 万美元收购了已经处于法定接管状态的小型银行 United Bank 60% 的股份。1996 年它以 Chase 银行的名义重新开业,1997 年将其唯一的分行从基苏木迁至内罗毕,并稳步发展了二十年。到 2015 年 12 月,该银行持有 14.28 亿美元资产、739 亿先令存款,通过 62 家分行服务 17 万客户——其中一半以上是企业客户。
2015 年财报是第一道裂缝。Chase 录得 7.92 亿先令亏损,不良贷款在一年内从 30 亿先令跃升至 110 亿先令。随后的一份修订报表揭示了向董事和员工发放的贷款存在「重大差异」——市场后来得知这一数字是 80 亿先令的秘密内部贷款。董事长 Zafrullah Khan 和总经理 Duncan Kabui 在财报公布后辞职。
2016 年 4 月 6 日,辞职消息公开,社交媒体上充斥着银行陷入困境的传言。客户纷纷涌来提款。周三,肯尼亚央行还向公众保证不必担心;周四,它就以流动性困难、「不准确的社交媒体报道」和不健全交易为由,将银行置于肯尼亚存款保险公司管理之下。Chase 是十二个月内第三家倒闭的肯尼亚银行——继 Dubai 银行和 Imperial 银行之后——整个行业的流动性支持基金在几天内随之建立。
Chase 于 4 月 27 日在 KCB 的管理下重新开业,但它再也无法恢复完整。2018 年 4 月,毛里求斯国家银行将 75% 的存款、员工和分行纳入其 SBM 肯尼亚分部;其余部分进入清算。问责落到了本应预见此事的人身上:资本市场管理局对德勤处以 1000 万先令罚款,因其未能发现 Chase 财务报表中的错误,而前高管们则接受审判——直到 2026 年仍在进行中,辩方认为签署审计报告的公司从未足够独立到可以定罪。
为什么会这样
- 内部贷款被隐藏,所以风险看起来很小。80 亿先令向董事和员工发放的贷款直到修订报表中才浮出水面,而此时亏损早已公开
- 本应拉响警报的财报还是被签字通过了。2015 年的数字显示 7.92 亿先令亏损、不良贷款翻了三倍,但审计师未能发现错误并被罚款 1000 万先令
- 一天之内的恐慌结束了它。两位最高管理者离职、社交媒体上谣言传播,提款变成了挤兑——而一个已经被两家银行倒闭烧伤的监管机构选择了接管
- 监管机构的安抚反而加剧了恐慌。周三央行说没什么可担心的;周四银行就被接管了——「没什么可担心」变成了什么都不值得信
教训
银行死于它所隐藏的东西。80 亿先令的内部贷款从未进入账簿,审计未能发现,当谣言出现时,没人能告诉储户真相没问题——因为真相本身就是有问题的。
资料来源
- Capital FM — Chase Bank now placed in receivership (7 Apr 2016: CBK placed Chase under statutory receivership with KDIC as receiver, after the bank was unable to meet its financial obligations on 6 Apr; Sh792M 2015 loss; non-performing loans jumped from Sh3B to Sh11B; chairman Zafrullah Khan and MD Duncan Kabui stepped aside after the 2015 financial statements; CBK cited liquidity difficulties, inaccurate social media reports and unsound transactions; CBK had assured the public on Wednesday there was nothing to worry about)
- Capital FM — Chase Bank attracts five suitors, CBK keen on quick reopening (15 Apr 2016: five local and international suitors; 170,000 customers, 62 branches, deposits Sh73.9B, 53% corporate clientele; receivership followed allegations of irregular and substantial loans that caused panic and massive withdrawals; six months after Imperial Bank; CBK set up a liquidity support fund for banks facing extreme liquidity needs)
- The Star — Chase Bank collapse trial: defence puts Deloitte audit reports to test (18 Jun 2026: former Chase Bank officials on trial, case resuming Aug 2026; Deloitte fined Sh10M by the Capital Markets Authority for failing to detect errors in Chase's financial statements; Deloitte had done both the statutory audit and the subsequent forensic review, which the defence argues was never independent)
- Chase Bank (Kenya) — Wikipedia (1995: businessmen acquired 60% of United Bank, in receivership, for US$1.23M; 1996: rebranded Chase Bank; Dec 2015: US$1.428B assets; Sh8B secret insider loans; 6 Apr 2016 MD and chair removed; 7 Apr 2016 receivership — third bank in twelve months, due to under-reported insider loans and unmet statutory banking ratios; 27 Apr 2016 reopened with KCB as receiver manager; Apr 2018 State Bank of Mauritius took 75% of deposits, staff and branches into SBM Kenya, remainder liquidated via KDIC)
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